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590
Journal Of Economics, Technology, And Business (JETBIS)
Volume 2, Number 8 August 2023
p-ISSN 2964-903X; e-ISSN 2962-9330
RISK AND COST ANALYSIS STUDY OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY (K3)
ON PASSENGER TERMINAL BUILDING WORKS NEW MENTAWAI AIRPORT
DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
Ranatika Purwayudhaningsari
1
, Wateno Oetomo
2
, Hanie Teki Tjendani
3
, Ony Frengky
Rumihin
4
University of 17 August 1945 Surabaya
E-mail: ranatika_dhaning@poltekbangsby.ac.id
1
,wateno@untag-sby.ac.id
2
, [email protected]c.id
3
,
ony.rumihin@gmail.com
4
KEYWORDS:
AHP, cost, OSH, risk,
terminal building
ABSTRACT
This study aims to conduct an in-depth analysis of the risks and costs
associated with Occupational Health and Safety (K3) aspects in the context of
the construction of a Passenger Terminal in the Mentawai New Airport
Development Project. The project has important significance in connecting
Mentawai with a better air transport network but requires special attention to
K3 factors to ensure a safe and healthy working environment for construction
workers. This research method involves the identification, evaluation, and
mitigation stages of K3 risks that can arise during various stages of
development. Data was collected through field surveys, direct observations,
interviews with related parties, and documentation studies related to K3
regulations and work accident costs. Risk analysis is carried out by applying
a probabilistic approach to measure the potential for unsafe events and their
impact. Next, the impact of workplace accidents on project costs is evaluated,
including medical costs, damages, and potential project delays. This research
method involves the identification, evaluation, and mitigation stages of K3
risks that can arise during various stages of development. Data was collected
through field surveys, direct observations, interviews with related parties, and
documentation studies related to K3 regulations and work accident costs. Risk
analysis is carried out by applying a probabilistic approach to measure the
potential for unsafe events and their impact. Next, the impact of workplace
accidents on project costs is evaluated, including medical costs, damages, and
potential project delays. These findings will provide valuable insights for
project decision makers, K3 managers, and other relevant parties in planning
and implementing development projects by considering K3 aspects
holistically. By understanding the risks involved and their financial impact,
effective steps can be taken to improve worker safety and health, while
optimizing the use of financial resources in the project.
INTRODUCTION
The development of the air transport subsector has a significant impact on national economic
conditions, considering its role in the distribution of goods and services and the movement of people.
The government must ensure the availability of infrastructure as a public good to encourage equity
and accelerate development as well as meet the needs of the community to achieve affordability and
open access to disadvantaged, border, and disaster-prone areas. The achievement of the vision and
mission of the Directorate General of Civil Aviation is expected to be realistic and accommodate
the demands of infrastructure provision through the construction and maintenance/rehabilitation of
sustainable air transportation facilities and infrastructure as well as strengthening regulations,
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institutions, and human resources to improve aviation safety and security and air transportation
services.
As is known that construction work is a combination of various disciplines, both in terms of
construction engineering and non-technical aspects, and includes elements of human resources.
Factors that positively influence and are significant to the success of the project with its end goal are
quality, cost, time, HSE environmental health and safety, and stakeholder satisfaction (Marleno et
al., 2018). The implementation of this construction work must meet the provisions on engineering,
occupational safety and health (K3), labor protection, and local environmental management to
ensure the orderly realization of construction work, with occupational safety and health (K3) costs
from the smallest is for road construction projects, then bridge construction projects, drainage
construction projects and the largest for building construction projects (Marleno et al., 2019). The
percentage of K3 costs ranges from 1.94% (Jatrawan et al., 2021), to 2.01% to 3.70% of the contract
value (Calvin & Johan, 2020), with the correlation criteria of the relationship between building work
and work accidents being strong, sufficient, weak, or uncorrelated (Latief et al., 2017). Cost
component of K3.
The incidence of occupational accidents and occupational diseases, especially at airports, does
not only occur on a national (Faqih & Prabowo, 2023), (Dharma et al., 2021) or international scale.
On a national scale, there is a trend of increasing cases until 2022. Risk management (Sharma et al.,
2011), (Akbar et al., 2022) is needed, which is the essence of SMK3 (Ramli, 2019) for risk
management to prevent work accidents or adverse events.
To minimize and eliminate the incidence of work accidents and occupational diseases in the
passenger terminal building work on the New Mentawai Airport Development project to achieve
zero accidents in its implementation in line with the realization of zero accidents (there must not be
the slightest mistake) in the aviation world which holds the motto "The sky is very vast but there's
no room for error" for the sake of creating health, Aviation security and safety, then this study aims
to identify K3 risk factors, determine the highest K3 risk factors using the Analysis Hierarchy
Process (AHP) method and then prepare a Construction Safety Plan (RKK) and its K3 costs
(Aprizaldi & Saputro, 2022).
At the core of the definition of risk is uncertainty. Risk can also be associated with possible
events or circumstances that threaten the achievement of organizational goals and objectives.
According to Vaughan (1978), some definitions of risk are risk is the opening of the possibility of
loss, risk is the possibility of loss, and risk is uncertainty. Risk management is all the process of
activities carried out solely to minimize and even prevent the occurrence of company risks.
Construction safety risk management contains at least job descriptions, hazard identification, and
determination of construction safety risk levels in construction work (RAKYAT, 2021).
Research related to K3 risk factors (hazards and risks) has also been conducted (Waris et al.,
2019)–(Sulistyaningsih, 2022). Some of these studies used questionnaire and interview methods to
determine K3 risk factors. A sample is needed to represent the study population. The number of
samples taken using the Slovin formula is as follows:
2
N.e1
N
n
+
=
…(1)
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Information:
n = Number of samples
N = Population
e = error rate of 10% (0.1) or 5% (0.05)
The AHP method is a decision-making method that arranges complex problems in a hierarchy
consisting of several levels containing objectives, several considerations and/or evaluation criteria,
and several alternative solutions. AHP assessment can be done using Saaty weighting
(Sulistyaningsih, 2022) shown in the table below:
Table 1
Relative Importance Assessment using the Saaty Scale
Scale
Information
1
Both elements are equally important
3
One element is slightly more important than the other
5
One element is essential compared to the other
7
One element is more important than the other
9
One element is more important
2,4,6,8
Values compromise between two adjacent
considerations
with AHP stages (Fauzi et al., 2022) namely defining the problem and determining the desired
solution, Arranging the hierarchy (Fauzi et al., 2022) of the problem faced (Figure 1), Determining
the priority of elements, Assessing criteria/variables and alternatives, calculating the consistency of
ratios (equations 2 and 3), Checking the consistency of the hierarchy (CR≤10%), Calculations to
determine the goals, and finally knowing the value of the risk.
a. Consistency Index (CI) with the formula:
….2
Where n = number of elements
b. Consistency Ratio (CR) with the formula :
….3
Ket: CR = Consistency Ratio
CI = Consistency Index
IR = Index Random
CI = (( λmaks – n ) / n-1 )
CR = CI / IR
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Figure 1
AHP hierarchy
Software to assist with AHP analysis includes PHP and MySQL, Expert Choice, Super
Decisions, Ms. Excel, Priorty Estimation Tool (PriEsT), and SpiceLogic Analytic Hierarchy
Process. In this study, AHP analysis used the Expert Choice application tool.
Construction Safety Plan (RKK) Implementation is prepared as documented information that
at least contains leadership and participation of workers in construction safety, construction safety
planning, construction safety support, construction safety operations, and construction
performance evaluation. The document also conveys the need for K3 costs needed.
This study aims to conduct an in-depth analysis of the risks and costs associated with
Occupational Health and Safety (K3) aspects in the context of the construction of a Passenger
Terminal in the Mentawai New Airport Development Project.
And It is expected that this research will contribute to the determination of policies related
to K3 budget priority posts for the construction of airport passenger terminals in particular as well
as the construction of other facilities (land side and air side, airport environment) that pay attention
to occupational health and safety for the Ministry of Transportation, especially the Directorate
General of Civil Aviation.
RESEARCH METHODS
The flow chart of this study is illustrated as follows:
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Figure 1
Research Flow
Begin
Identify the problem
purpose
1. identify K3 risks in passenger terminal building work
2. determine the highest K3 risk factor in the work of the boarding terminal
3. Formulate a construction safety plan (RKK) based on risk
Primare Data Collection:
1. Interview
2. Questionnaire
3. Warning Document
4. Field Observation
Secondary data collection:
1. Journal of Previous Research
2. Books and Related
Regulations
Questionnaire and interview (primary data)
preparation hirarki/AHP
Preparation Questionnaire AHP
Questionnaire Distribution
A
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CR ≤ 10%
Ya
1. K3 risk identification
2. Highest K3 risk factors
3. Construction safety plan implementation
Figure 2
Research Flow Chart (advanced)
This study used descriptive techniques that identified risks qualitatively by quantifying data
based on previous research and questionnaires. In the quantification process, primary data is
needed, namely questionnaires containing several risk factor questions. Based on questionnaires
and interview guidelines prepared. This questionnaire will be answered by several selected
respondents using the purposive sampling method. Risk Factors identified or missed will be given
variable names for each risk factor The risk factor data is rearranged in the form of a hierarchical
scheme that will be processed using the AHP method of passenger terminal building work, and
continued by conducting an AHP analysis to determine the highest risk factor. The research method
is carried out through questionnaire surveys and interviews with respondents who play a role in
implementing K3, and supervising work activities, as well as experts and competent in their fields.
The stages of this research begin with the identification of problems followed by the
collection of primary data and secondary data. Primary data consists of interviews, questionnaires,
bid documents, and field observations. While secondary data is obtained from previous research
journals and related books or regulations.
The text of the interview and questionnaire as a preliminary study are prepared to identify
A
Data collection
Weights, aspects, criteria and alternatives
K3 risk rating
Preparation RKK
Conclusion and advice
Finish
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risk factors-risk factors as well as the highest risk factors based on respondents' experiences. The
respondents selected to be interviewed are Project Managers, Safety Officers, or those who
represent parties who play a role in implementing K3 policies/implementation, K3 experts who are
competent in planning, implementing, and evaluating the implementation of SMK3, and service
users, namely the technical team from representatives of Rokot airport, Sipora. Questionnaires are
also distributed to K3 experts, as parties who are competent in planning, implementing, and
evaluating the implementation of SMK3, cannot be directly interviewed. service users, in this case,
the technical team from representatives of Rokot airport, Sipora, or parties from the Directorate
General of Civil Aviation responsible for the project, Inspectors or Medical Officers, or who
represent competent project workers.
Primary and secondary data were collected and classified and preliminary study data were
carried out whose results were then arranged in the AHP hierarchy of the study. The hierarchical
structure of this study consists of goals or objectives, namely the highest K3 risk factors, criteria
based on the work done (structural work, architectural work, electrical work, mechanical work),
sub-criteria are K3 risk aspects in terms of management aspects, work aspects, environmental
aspects, and equipment aspects, while the alternative is the breakdown of risk factors from
management aspects, worker aspects, environmental aspects, and equipment aspects.
The AHP hierarchy is structured as the basis for creating the AHP questionnaire. The AHP
questionnaire is then distributed to respondents with special characteristics and conditions, namely
to K3 implementers, K3 experts, and service users. The results of the questionnaire are included
in the Expert Choice application to calculate the weight of aspects, criteria, and alternatives
provided that the consistency of the ratio is less than equal to 10% (CR≤10% or CR≤0.1). If the
ratio consistently exceeds what is required, it must be refilled the questionnaire by respondents
whose CR value is less than 10%. After obtaining consistent results, the weight of each criterion,
sub-criteria, and alternatives is obtained. The weights were then ranked to determine the highest
risk factor for K3 in this study.
The preparation of the Construction Safety Plan (RKK) is prepared based on the Regulation
of the Minister of Public Works and Public Housing of the Republic of Indonesia Number 10 of
2021 concerning Construction Safety Management System Guidelines, which consists of Worker
Leadership and Participation in Construction Safety, Construction Safety Planning, construction
safety support, Construction Safety Operations, and Construction Safety Performance Evaluation.
In the RKK, K3 fees were obtained which were prepared based on the Circular Letter of the
Minister of Public Works and Public Housing Number 11 / SE / M / 2019 concerning Technical
Guidelines for the Cost of Implementing a Construction Safety Management System.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The respondent rate for this study was 97% which was included in the very good category of
more than 70% (Waris et al., 2019), with the number of interviewees being 11 respondents, and
questionnaires in the preliminary study for primary data amounting to 50 respondents. Based on the
Slovin formula, it is known that the population (N) in this study is 69 people, with an error rate (e)
of 5%, then the minimum sample number is 58 people. With 61 respondents in this study, the sample
number of respondents in this study has met the minimum requirements.
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Demographic Characteristics of Respondents
Data of respondents who filled out the AHP questionnaire were presented based on the origin
of the respondent's organization/institution, educational background, work experience, and
academic qualifications of respondents. shown in the following figure:
Figure 3
Origin of Respondent Organization/Institution
Figure 4
Respondent's Educational Background
Figure 5
Respondent's Work Experience
Job owner
Executing
contractor
Consultant
Experts
Civil Engineering
Designer
Architect
DLL
< 5 Year
5-10 Year
10-15 Year
15-20 Year
>20 Year
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Figure 6
Respondent's Academic Qualifications
K3 Risk Factor Assessment with AHP
Based on the results of the recapitulation of primary data and secondary data, the risk factors
used in this AHP analysis, for the work of the Passenger Terminal Building in the New Mentawai
Airport Development project, are shown in Figure 7 Based on the figure, the input of all elements
including objectives, criteria and alternatives is then carried out in the hierarchical structure in the
Expert Choice application, then enter the importance comparison value for each pair of elements
which includes the criterion element against the goal, the sub-criterion element against the
criterion, and the comparison of each alternative to the goal. After the synthesis calculation is
carried out, the priority order of the alternatives is obtained.
Table 2
Recapitulation of Weighted Criteria and Alternative Risk Factors K3
Criterion
Criterion
Weights
Alternative
Alternate
Weights
Total
Weight
Rank
Structural Work
0,643
Worker Aspect
0,622
0,3999
1
Structural Work
0,643
Equipment Aspect
0,243
0,1562
2
Mechanical Work
0,22
Worker Aspect
0,552
0,1214
3
Mechanical Work
0,22
Equipment Aspect
0,303
0,0667
4
Structural Work
0,643
Environmental
Aspects
0,09
0,0579
5
Electrical Works
0,093
Worker Aspect
0,583
0,0542
6
Structural Work
0,643
Management
Aspects
0,044
0,0283
7
Architectural Work
0,044
Worker Aspect
0,581
0,0256
8
Electrical Works
0,093
Equipment Aspect
0,253
0,0235
9
Mechanical Work
0,22
Environmental
Aspects
0,097
0,0213
10
Architectural Work
0,044
Equipment Aspect
0,273
0,0120
11
Electrical Works
0,093
Environmental
Aspects
0,118
0,0110
12
Mechanical Work
0,22
Management
Aspects
0,048
0,0106
13
Architectural Work
0,044
Environmental
Aspects
0,099
0,0044
14
Electrical Works
0,093
Management
Aspects
0,046
0,0043
15
Bachelor
D3
SMK/SMA equivalent
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Criterion
Criterion
Weights
Alternative
Alternate
Weights
Total
Weight
Rank
Architectural Work
0,044
Management
Aspects
0,048
0,0021
16
Based on the results of the analysis in the table above, it is known that Structural Work is the
criterion that causes the highest risk factor K3. Mechanical work, mechanical work, and architectural
work followed sequentially from highest to lowest risk factors.
Table 3
Recapitulation of Alternative Weights and Sub-Alternative Risk Factors K3
Alternatives
Alternate
Weights
Sub Alternatives
Alternate
Sub
Weights
Total
Weight
Rank
Worker Aspect
0,622
Worker Burnout
Conditions
0,474
0,2948
1
Worker Aspect
0,622
Working at Heights
0,304
0,1891
2
Equipment
Aspect
0,243
Material and Equipment
Maintenance
0,447
0,1086
3
Worker Aspect
0,622
SOP Compliance level is
lacking
0,124
0,0771
4
Equipment
Aspect
0,243
Non-conformity of Use of
Construction Equipment
0,242
0,0588
5
Table 3
Recapitulation of Alternative Weights and Sub-Alternative Risk Factors K3 (continued)
Alternative
Alternate
Weights
Sub Alternatives
Alternate
Sub
Weights
Total
Weight
Rank
Environmental
Aspects
0,09
Noise
0,448
0,0403
6
Worker
Aspect
0,622
Inadequate Human
Resources Capacity
0,063
0,0392
7
Equipment
Aspect
0,243
Improper Transport
Methods
0,151
0,0367
8
Environmental
Aspects
0,09
Skin Problems (Irritation,
Contact with Chemicals)
0,273
0,0246
9
Worker
Aspect
0,622
Mismatch of Manpower
Needs
0,035
0,0218
10
Equipment
Aspect
0,243
Security and Safety
Facilities in the Field
Less Guaranteed
0,087
0,0211
11
Management
Aspects
0,044
Design Changes
0,366
0,0161
12
Environmental
Aspects
0,09
Unpredictable
Circumstances
0,129
0,0116
13
Equipment
Aspect
0,243
New Technology
0,045
0,0109
14
Management
Aspects
0,044
Lack of Standardization
of Occupational Health
0,241
0,0106
15
Environmental
0,09
Bad Description
0,081
0,0073
16
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Alternative
Alternate
Weights
Sub Alternatives
Alternate
Sub
Weights
Total
Weight
Rank
Aspects
Management
Aspects
0,044
Lack of Guaranteed Job
Security
0,163
0,0072
17
Equipment
Aspect
0,243
Data Supports
Laboratory Testing of
Site and Material
Conditions
0,028
0,0068
18
Management
Aspects
0,044
The implementation
Method is not by Project
Conditions
0,105
0,0046
19
Environmental
Aspects
0,09
Increase in Domestic
Waste
0,041
0,0037
20
Management
Aspects
0,044
Design Specifications
and Materials Do Not
Match
0,067
0,0029
21
Environmental
Aspects
0,09
Difficult Site Location
Conditions
0,028
0,0025
22
Management
Aspects
0,044
Technical Miscalculation
0,031
0,0014
23
Management
Aspects
0,044
Poor Management
0,026
0,0011
24
Construction Safety Plan
The Construction Safety Plan (RKK) for the Implementation of Passenger Terminal Building
Work for the New Mentawai Airport Construction Project is prepared based on the Regulation of
the Minister of Public Works and Public Housing of the Republic of Indonesia Number 10 of 2021,
with the following explanation:
a. Leadership and Worker Participation in Construction Safety, carried out with leadership concern
for internal and external issues manifested in policies related to aspects of occupational safety
and health, quality and security consisting of management system policies, safety policies,
occupational health and environment, drug and alcohol prevention and abuse policies, driving
safety policies and HIV/AIDS prevention and control policies. Another manifestation is by
compiling an SMKK management organization consisting of a Project Manager, Site
Operational Manager, Site Administration Manager, HSE Officer, an HSE Inspector, and
workers. Construction safety commitment and labor participation are implemented to prevent
work accidents, occupational diseases, and environmental pollution to achieve the target of zero
accidents, without occupational diseases and no environmental damage. Leaders also ensure the
implementation of supervision, training, accountability, resources, and support which are then
outlined in the Construction Safety Support Element and Construction Safety Performance
Evaluation Element
b. Construction Safety Planning, carried out by preparing IBRP tables (Hazard Identification, Risk
Assessment, Control, and Opportunities), followed by the preparation of Engineering,
Management, and Manpower Action Plans, General and Special Targets and Programs, and
Fulfillment of Construction Safety Standards and Laws and Regulations that become a reference
during construction activities ranging from Laws and Regulations, Government Regulations to
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appropriate AMDAL/UKL-UPL documents with the scope of work carried out (You et al.,
2022).
c. Construction Safety Support, consisting of resources (equipment, materials, and costs), labor
competence, caring, communication management, and documented information. The cost of K3
compiled in this study based on Circular Number 11 / SE / M / 2019 is IDR 698,250,000.00.
Competency needs and the implementation of personnel training are analyzed monitored and
reviewed by the Site Administration Manager in the project periodically. In construction safety
support, concern for K3L can be increased by starting from implementing K3 because of routine
supervision, then increasing to the needs of each individual, and finally implementing K3L
because of care and necessity. All leaders are committed to implementing K3L in the project
environment, to provide role models to workers. Contractors carry out various kinds of
preventive and promotive activities, namely carrying out socialization of procedures to increase
awareness. Implementation of Reward and Punishment programs and training related to K3
aspects to improve competence. K3L communication (HSE) for the work in this study consisted
of HSE Induction, Daily Toolbox Talk, Weekly Toolbox Meeting, hazard source report, K3L
information board (HSE), K3L Meeting (HSE), and K3L campaign (HSE)
d. Construction Safety Operations, carried out in the framework of hazard control at the work site
which is realized in the planning and implementation of RKK, control of construction safety
operations, readiness and response to emergency conditions, and investigation of construction
accidents
e. Construction Safety Performance Evaluation, realized by monitoring or inspecting the level of
compliance with laws and regulations through the determination of inspection methods, criteria,
and procedures related to SMKK. K3L Performance Report is conducted every month. The cut-
off date for Project K3L Performance Report on the last date of each month. The report submitted
is by the FM-LKHSE form and is completed with supporting documents Appendix. In addition,
HSE also makes a Project K3L Performance Evaluation Report which will be presented every 3
(three) months. Other manifestations in the form of evaluation (methods of evaluating
compliance and taking action), management review (planning and establishing procedures and
reports), and improvement of construction safety performance.
CONCLUSION
Based on the risk factors from the preliminary study results, 24 risk factors were identified,
which were classified based on aspects of management, equipment, workers, and environment.
Where each of these aspects is known to be the highest risk factor in passenger terminal building
work in the Mentawai Baru Air Bandan construction project. Based on the AHP analysis in this
study, the risk factor for burnout conditions of workers who are part of the worker aspect and carried
out in structural work is the highest.
The Construction Safety Plan is prepared by the Regulation of the Minister of Public Works
and Public Housing of the Republic of Indonesia Number 10 of 2021 concerning Construction Safety
Management System Guidelines so that the K3 cost of the risk analysis results is IDR
698,250,000.00 (Numbered: six hundred Ninety-eight million two hundred and fifty thousand
rupiah).
It is recommended in further research to be more detailed and specific related to other risk
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factors that affect the implementation of construction projects, especially other buildings that include
land-side facilities at airports, so that parties involved in the implementation of terminal building
construction at airports, especially leaders and management, pay more attention to these 24 risk
factors, especially burnout conditions workers on structural work, so it is expected that the work can
run on time and by the set budget.
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